Policies of the State

Policies of the State

By: Krisna Mendoza

   There are different policies of the state. Such as: Defense policy, Education, Research and Development and Health and Social Welfare.  People can compare these policies by the LDC’s and MDC’s. LDC’s are South Korea and Egypt and MDC’s are United States and Canada. The GDP of different countries could tell if it is a LDC or a MDC.

    The Defense is the one area of policy in which governments have almost without exception proceeded by developing and administering programs themselves and have insisted on holding a monopoly with regard to the policy. The industrialized democracies spend a few percent on their GNP on defense. United State and Canada have volunteer armies. Canada has an active military of 0.2 and a GDP of 1.1.  United States has an active military of 0.5 and a GDP of 3.0. North Korea has ruined its economy by its massive military expenditures. It has a 3- 10 years military service, 5.0 active military and a GDP spent on defense of 14.3. It’s a big difference between MDC’s and LDC’s because MDC’s spent less on military service compared to LDC’s.

    Education it’s the most basic service that most government are expected to offer their people. Canada the GDP spent on education it’s of 6.9, 101 percent of girls go to primary school and 105 percent go to secondary school, 103 percent of boys go to primary school and 105 percent go to secondary. United States the GDP spent on education it’s of 5.4, 101 percent of girls go to primary school and 97 percent go to secondary school, 102 percent of boys go to primary school and 98 percent go to secondary. Egypt the GDP spent on education it’s of 4.8, 94 percent of girls go to primary school and 70 percent go to secondary school, 107 percent of boys go to primary school and 80 percent go to secondary. On MDC’s countries the GDP spent on education its higher on MDC’s and lower on LDC’s.

      Research and development, in most of the developed countries, labor cost are too high to allow basic industries such as the manufactured of clothing or of simple plastic goods to be competitive internationally. States of the south can produce such goods much more cheaply. In all countries, the technology that makes this sort of industry possible is provided partly by government- sponsored research, partly by research carried on directly by the industries involved, and partly by basic research conducted on universities and other institutions of higher education. Canada, manufactured export high technology it’s of 15, scientist and engineers per million populations 2,719 and the GNP spent on technology 1.7. United States, manufactured export high technology it’s of 35, scientist and engineers per million populations 3,676 and the GNP spent on technology 2.6. Egypt, manufactured export high technology it’s of 0, scientist and engineers per million populations 459 and the GNP spent on technology 0.2. The MDC’s are higher in export of technology than LDC’s.

   Health and Social Welfare, most modern states have accepted some responsibilities for maintaining their people in reasonable health, in adequate housing, with financial security in their old age, and with some security against disability or disaster.  Canada, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 28.0 and to housing and community amenities are 2.2. United States, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 21.4 and to housing and community amenities are 2.1. Israel, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 22.6 and to housing and community amenities are 5.6.

    On health expenditures, these countries spent their GDP on health care. Canada, the government spending on health care is 6.4, private spending on health care is 2.8, life expectancy 79 and infant mortality 5. United States, the government spending on health care is 5.8, private spending on health care is 7.2, life expectancy 77 and infant mortality 7. India the government spending on health care is 0.8, private spending on health care is 4.2, life expectancy 63 and infant mortality 71.

    MDC’s have a greater GDP on education than LDC’s. LDC’s countries are higher on military services and in MDC’s they don’t need a lot of military service so they are voluntary. MDC’s focused more on education so they export more technology than LDC’s.