Policies of the State

Policies of the State

By: Krisna Mendoza

   There are different policies of the state. Such as: Defense policy, Education, Research and Development and Health and Social Welfare.  People can compare these policies by the LDC’s and MDC’s. LDC’s are South Korea and Egypt and MDC’s are United States and Canada. The GDP of different countries could tell if it is a LDC or a MDC.

    The Defense is the one area of policy in which governments have almost without exception proceeded by developing and administering programs themselves and have insisted on holding a monopoly with regard to the policy. The industrialized democracies spend a few percent on their GNP on defense. United State and Canada have volunteer armies. Canada has an active military of 0.2 and a GDP of 1.1.  United States has an active military of 0.5 and a GDP of 3.0. North Korea has ruined its economy by its massive military expenditures. It has a 3- 10 years military service, 5.0 active military and a GDP spent on defense of 14.3. It’s a big difference between MDC’s and LDC’s because MDC’s spent less on military service compared to LDC’s.

    Education it’s the most basic service that most government are expected to offer their people. Canada the GDP spent on education it’s of 6.9, 101 percent of girls go to primary school and 105 percent go to secondary school, 103 percent of boys go to primary school and 105 percent go to secondary. United States the GDP spent on education it’s of 5.4, 101 percent of girls go to primary school and 97 percent go to secondary school, 102 percent of boys go to primary school and 98 percent go to secondary. Egypt the GDP spent on education it’s of 4.8, 94 percent of girls go to primary school and 70 percent go to secondary school, 107 percent of boys go to primary school and 80 percent go to secondary. On MDC’s countries the GDP spent on education its higher on MDC’s and lower on LDC’s.

      Research and development, in most of the developed countries, labor cost are too high to allow basic industries such as the manufactured of clothing or of simple plastic goods to be competitive internationally. States of the south can produce such goods much more cheaply. In all countries, the technology that makes this sort of industry possible is provided partly by government- sponsored research, partly by research carried on directly by the industries involved, and partly by basic research conducted on universities and other institutions of higher education. Canada, manufactured export high technology it’s of 15, scientist and engineers per million populations 2,719 and the GNP spent on technology 1.7. United States, manufactured export high technology it’s of 35, scientist and engineers per million populations 3,676 and the GNP spent on technology 2.6. Egypt, manufactured export high technology it’s of 0, scientist and engineers per million populations 459 and the GNP spent on technology 0.2. The MDC’s are higher in export of technology than LDC’s.

   Health and Social Welfare, most modern states have accepted some responsibilities for maintaining their people in reasonable health, in adequate housing, with financial security in their old age, and with some security against disability or disaster.  Canada, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 28.0 and to housing and community amenities are 2.2. United States, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 21.4 and to housing and community amenities are 2.1. Israel, percent of government expenditures devoted to social security and welfare 22.6 and to housing and community amenities are 5.6.

    On health expenditures, these countries spent their GDP on health care. Canada, the government spending on health care is 6.4, private spending on health care is 2.8, life expectancy 79 and infant mortality 5. United States, the government spending on health care is 5.8, private spending on health care is 7.2, life expectancy 77 and infant mortality 7. India the government spending on health care is 0.8, private spending on health care is 4.2, life expectancy 63 and infant mortality 71.

    MDC’s have a greater GDP on education than LDC’s. LDC’s countries are higher on military services and in MDC’s they don’t need a lot of military service so they are voluntary. MDC’s focused more on education so they export more technology than LDC’s.

Modern Ideologies

Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy

By: Krisna Mendoza

    

        What is ideology? Is a set of ideas about politics, all of which are related to one another and that modify and support each other. Ideology helps people to make sense reasonably easily and quickly of the varied political question that come to our attention. The three great ideologies developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe and they are: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism; and after the World War I, fascism appears.

       It all started in 1789 with the French revolution and the Enlightment. The first ideology that arose was Liberalism that is a political philosophy of liberty and equality. When they saw that Liberalism was not working it was when conservatism arose. Many ideologies are based on the European Liberalism but they have different ideas to govern a country.

       Conservatives means to preserve what has already been established and is an ideology that accepts and welcomed new power. The difference between liberalism and conservatism is that liberals has individualism and power is suspect and conservatism has values of community and old power structures and is benevolence that means “ power is good”, they help community like elders because they know they are very helpful to society, because they are intellectual and have wisdom so they help them.

          When the industrial revolution was established new ideologies start to arose and here it’s when it appear Marxist ideas of making a change in economy and ways of governing, he gave the idea of the government having all the power in a country. An example will be China and Venezuela. When the USSR start to appear Socialism and Communism separated and have the same ideas but socialist were more democrats and communist are more revolutionaries.

         The fourth political power to arise was fascism that it was popular movement with the end of World War I; they became popular especially in Germany with Adolf Hitler because after the World War I the country was a disaster and with Hitler with all the power the country succeed. Fascism is the idea of been govern with violence, and have a hostile way of looking to the church.

          Not at days in the 20 centuries is a new movement called Neo- Liberalism that has a government that is less involved and they have these idea called free marquet. With the end of the USSR and the fall of the Berlin wall, so as called the end of the cold war, globalization appeared and it was a way to interconnect all the world and increase private companies. In the 20 centuries new issues are exposed like feminism, environmentalism, life style that it could be spontaneous or free, and immigration that is a big problem in the border between Mexico and USA.

    In the 20 century all the ideologies have change in a way especially American ideology. American liberalism and conservatism are more concerned about inequality; they are more inclined to use power of the government to make conditions for people be more equal, they are less interest in controlling values they make decision when body and mind are involved and they have more government involvement. The conservatism is less concerned about inequality they are willing to see larger government; they use traditions values port of politics decisions legislate values behavior and they are less government involvement.

     The ideologies through time have change a lot but they are based on the European Liberalism. All ideologies have different concerns and different ways of governing a country. The ideologies are ideas about politics and modify and support each other. Ideology helps us to make sense reasonably easily and quickly of the varied political questions that come to our attention.